中学英语语法笔记(8形容词)

1形容词

描述人和事物的性质、特征或状态的词汇。

用来修饰名词或代词

1.分类。

1)限制

描绘事物本质的形容词。与名词紧紧相连,去掉会影响表达的本意。

an English dish 一道英式菜 a French table一张法式桌子

There are two round plastic plates on the table.桌子上有俩个圆形的塑料盒。

2)描绘

在名词之前,常对名词进行描绘,省略之后不会影响表达的本意。

a delicious English dish 一道著名的英式菜,a smooth French table 一张光滑的法式桌子

The nice girl over there is Chen Ming, a famous actress.那边那个美丽的女孩是著名的女演员陈明。

2.构成。

1)本身即形容词。

如red,glad,nice,white,difficult。

2)由【名词+y】构成的形容词。

如sun–sunny阳光充足的, wind–windy多风的,fun–funy有趣的,fog–foggy有雾的,health–healthy健康的, rain–rainy多雨的

3)加后缀-able、-al、-en、-ent、-ish、-ive、-ful、-ous、-ly等构成的形容词。

如advise–advisable明智的,comfort–comfortable舒服的, nation–national国家的/全国性的/国内的,education–educational教育的,wood–wooden木制的, gold–golden金色的/金黄色的, differ–different不同的,self—selfish自私的,insist–insistent坚持的/坚决要求的,child–childish孩子气的, attract–attractive吸引人的,impress–impressive印象深刻的,power–powerful强劲的,success–successful成功的,danger–dangerous危险的,fame–famous著名的, friend–friendly友善的, time–timely及时的,cost–costly昂贵的, year–yearly每年的

4)目前分词作形容词多表明主语或被修饰词所具有的特征,意为“令人…的”;过去分词作形容词多表明主语或被修饰词所处的状态,意为“感到…的”。

exciting 令人兴奋的–excited兴奋的, boring乏味的/令人厌倦的–bored厌烦的,

interesting有趣的–interested感兴趣的, disappointing令人失望的–disappointed失望的/沮丧的,surprising使人惊讶的–surprised惊讶的, relaxing令人放松的–relaxed放松的,

amazing令人惊奇的–amazed惊奇的,worring令人担忧的–worried担心的/担忧的,

frightening令人害怕的–frightened受惊的, exhausting令人精疲力尽的–exhausted精疲力尽的,pleasing令人高兴的–pleased高兴的, satisfying令人满意的–satisfied满意的,

tiring使人疲劳的–tired疲劳的

4)数词+名词单数-ed或数词+名词单数/ 数词+名词单数+形容词

three-hour 3小时的,ten-year 10年的,four-storeyed 4层楼的,500-meter-long 500米长的,

eight-year-old 8岁的,three-legged三条腿的

It took us a long time to get to the amusement park.

It was a three-hour journey.去游乐园花了我们很长时间,有3个小时的路程。

5)表语形容词,多用作表语。

afraid害怕的 asleep睡着的 alive活着的 alone单独的 awake醒着的 ashamed羞愧的

aware意识到的 ill有病的 well身体健康的 glad高兴的 fond喜爱的 pleased高兴的

sorry悲伤的 content满意的 alike相像的

3.用法。

1)作定语。修饰名词,说明其性质、特征等。

A straightforward talk is better than a flowery speech.巧言不如直说。

He didn’t selfishly keep for himself the money inherited from his uncle. Instead, he made a generous contribution to help the community.他没有自私地把从叔父那里继承的钱财据为己有,而是慷慨地捐出来协助社区。

2)作表语。跟在系动词be、feel、look、get、turn、become等后面,说明主语的性质、特征、状况等。

It was brave of Mary to quit her job and start her own business.玛丽辞去工作并自己创业,这是很勇敢的。

Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation.韦尔蒂–一个穿着简单灰色长裙的苗条女人,坐在她房间的沙发上,看起来对这个解释很满意。

3)作宾语补足语或主语补足语,补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态或特征等。

His attitude made him very unpopular with colleagues. 他的态度使他很不受同事欢迎。

You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.如果你想然给你的英国之旅很开心、很有价值,你必须睁大双眼。

The man was found dead by the sea. 那个人被发现死在海边。

4)作状语。修饰全句,表明缘由、伴随、结果或方式等,可位于句首、句中或句末。

Afraid of being late, she got up at five o’clock in the morning. 她担心迟到,早上5点钟就起了床。(缘由状语)

After the long journey, the three of them went back home, hungry and tired. 经过长途跋涉后,他们三个人又累又饿地回家了。 (结果状语)

They started the experiment, hopeful for success. 他们开始做实验,信任必定会成功。(伴随状语)

The horses war running wild all over the field. 这些马正在田野上到处狂奔。 (方式状语)

5)表语形容词。

①某些以a-开头的形容词一般作表语,称为表语形容词。

此类形容词有:afraid害怕的, alike相像的, alive活着的, alone独自的, ashamed羞愧的, afloat漂浮的,awake醒着的, aware意识到的。

以a-开头的形容词不可直接用very来修饰,但可以用其它表明程度的副词来修饰。

fast asleep熟睡的, wide awake十分清醒的, greatly ashamed超级羞愧的

I’m afraid I can’t get there on time. 我恐怕不能按时到达那里了。

I’m ashamed to have behaved so badly at your party.我很惭愧在你的聚会上举止如此恶劣。

②一些表明健康状况或感觉反应的形容词,一般只可作表语。

此类形容词有:content,glad,pleased,sorry,well,unable等。

He is content just to sit in front of the television all day. 他只要整天坐在电视机前就心满意足了。

He is glad to hear that his mother is going to see him this Sunday. 听到妈妈这个星期天要来看他,他很高兴。

③一些形容词作表语时,主语不能为“人”,一般用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语后置。

此类形容词有:necessary必要的,unnecessary不必要的,possible可能的,impossible不可能的, important重大的,unimportant不重大的,difficult困难的, dangerous危险的, useful有用的, pleasant愉快的,hard困难的。

It is unnecessary for you to go there. 你们没必要去那里。

It is impossible for me to be there before eight.我在八点之前不可能赶到那里。

Sometimes it might be helpful to use examples to explain abstract concepts. 有时候举例也许有助于解释抽象的概念。

6)形容词的名词化用法。

部分形容词可与定冠词the连用,相当于名词,泛指一类人或事物。

形容词化后的名词作句子主语时,谓语一般用复数。

The old are respected in our country. 在我国老年人受到尊重。

4.位置。

1)多数情况下形容词放在所修饰的名词前,作前置定语。

an interesting story一个有趣的故事, three difficult question三道难题

Can you tell the subtle difference between the words “require”and “request”? 你能告知我单词“require”和“request”的细微区别吗?

I sometimes get puzzled by their meanings. 我有时候对它们的意思赶到困惑。

2)形容词放在所修饰的名词或代词后,作后置定语。

①形容词修饰由any-、some-、every-、no-、-body、-thing、-one构成的复合不定代词时,一般只能后置。

“He will give something wonderful to the world,”he said.他说:“他会给世界人民送上美妙的东西。”

Who else was invited to the party?还有谁被邀请去参与聚会?(else修饰疑问代词who)

Do you want to have anything else?你还想要别的东西吗? (else修饰不定代词)

There is something wrong with the TV.电视出毛病了。

The doctors did everything possible to save the young man. 医生们做了他们能做的一切去抢救那名年轻男子。

②表语形容词(如asleep、afraid、alone、alive、worth、awake等)作名词的定语时,常置于被修饰词的后面。

He is one of the most famous singers alive in the world today.他是当今世界上在世的最著名的歌唱家之一。

③数词+形容词long、wide、high、deep、thick、old等构成短语用作定语时,需后置。

The man needed to dig a hole six feet deep. 这个人需要挖一个六英尺深的洞。

There are many buildings over 20 stories high.有许多20多层高的楼房。

④形容词enough修饰名词时,既可前置,也可后置。

Enough food=food enough 足够的食物,enough people=people enough足够的人手。

⑤多个形容词修饰名词时的排列顺序

①限定代词(all/any/such)+②指示词(these/those/this/that/)+(/限定(the/our/their/my/your))+③序数(first/second/last)+基数词(one/two/three)+④性质、状态(
heavy/nice/pretty/beautiful/good)+⑤大小、长短(large/small/short/square)+⑥形状、新旧、温度(round/new/old/cold)+⑦色彩(white/yellow/black)+⑧国籍、产地(
American/Swiss/Chinese/foreign)+⑨材料、质地(metal/woolen/wooden/silk)+⑩用途(writing)+中心词

限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍出材料, 用途类别往后靠

the pretty little old Chinese wooden bridge 中国古老的美丽的小木桥 限定+性质+大小+新旧+国籍+材料

the third round brown wooden table 第三张褐色圆木桌 限定+形状+色彩+材料

5.比较级构成

1)本身无比较级

right正确的,wrong错误的,excellent最好的,final最后的,last最后的,possible可能的,first第一,east东方的,empty空的,wooden木制的,impossible不可能的,favourite最喜爱的,round圆的,

golden金色的,square正方形的

2)规则变化

①一般单音节词和部分双音节词在词尾加er和est。

如high-higher-highest,great-greater-greatest,tall-taller-tallest。

②以不发音的e结尾的单音节词或少数以e结尾的双音节词,只在词尾加r和st。

如nice-nicer-nicest,large-larger-largest。

③以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词,将词尾的y改为i,再加er和est。

如easy-easier-easiest, busy-busier-busiest,happy-happier-happiest。

④重读闭音节词,只有辅音字母结尾时,要双写该辅音,再加er和est。

如big-bigger-biggest, hot-hotter-hottest,thin-thinner-thinnest。

⑤多音节词和部分双音节词,在该词前面加more和most构成比较级和最高级。

如stupid-more stupid-the most stupid, fortunate幸运的-more fortunate-the most fortunate,

important-more important-the most important,quickly-more quickly-the most quickly。

3)不规则变化

①good好/well健康的,好–better–best, bad坏的/badly坏地/ill有病的–worse–worst,

much/many许多-more-most, little少-less-least, little少-less-lest


old-older/elder-oldest/eldest :elder和eldest只用于人,表兄弟姐妹之间的长幼排序,不与than连用,
作定语时只能用elder和eldest

③far远的, 远地
–farther/further-farthest/furthest两者表明距离时意义一样可互换;further和furthest还可以用来修饰抽象名词,表明“进一步,更多的”

④strict严格的-stricter/more strict-strictest/most strict, cruel残忍的-crueler/more cruel-cruelest/most cruel, friendly友善的-friendlier/more friendly-friendliest/most friendly,

common一般的/常见的/普遍的-commoner或more common-commonest或most common,

clever机智的-cleverer/more clever-cleverest/most clever,

simple简单的-simpler/more simple-simplest/most simple

Of all the subjects, I like art best.在所有课程中,我最喜爱美术。

I can’t go any farther/further.我无法再走一步了。

He went to a college for further education last year.他去年去了一所大学进修。

2形容词比较级

1.原级

1)在肯定句中,两者相比甲=乙时,用【as+原级+as】或【the same+对应的名词形式+as】表明。

Henry is a worker as good as Peter (is). =Henry is as good a worker as Peter (is). 亨利和彼得一样都是好工人。

Jensen’s house is about the same size as ours. 詹森的房子和我们的差不多大。

2)在否定句中,两者相比甲<乙时,用【not as/so+原级+as】表明。

如果第一个as/so之后的形容词作定语修饰单数可数名词,冠词应置于形容词之后、可数名词之前。

I didn’t do my homework so/as carefully as you.我做作业不如你仔细。

He was not so foolish as I thought.他并非像我想的那样笨。

She has as charming a face as her grandmother.她长得和她祖母一样迷人。

3)as+原级+as+数量词相当于【数量词+形容词】。

The bridge is as wide as 10 meters. = The bridge is 10 meters wide. 这座桥有十米宽。

4)表明“A正好是B的几倍”时,用【倍数+as+原级+as】来表明,有时as+B可以省略。

①一倍用once, 两倍用twice, 三倍及以上才用three/four/…+times。

Their house is three times as big as ours.他们的房子是我们房子的三倍大。

The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times as big as the present one.为举办下一届亚运会而正在修建的新体育馆将会是现有体育馆的三倍大。

②A+谓语+倍数(或分数)+比较级+than+B 表 A是B的多少倍(大小长宽高等)

I am twice older than you. 我的年龄是你们的两倍大。

The stone is twice more expensive than it was a few years ago. 这块石头的价格是前几年的几倍。

③A+谓语+倍数(或分数)+the size大小/the height/the length/the width/the weight/the depth+of+B 表 A正好是B的多少倍(大高长宽重深等)

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球的体积是月球的49倍大。

The stree is four times the length of that one. 这条街是那条街的4倍长。

④A+谓语+倍数(或分数)+What从句 表A是B的多少倍

The height of the tree is twice what it was five years ago.这棵树是5年前的两倍高。

⑤A+谓语+倍数(或分数)+that/those of… 表 A是B的多少倍(大小长宽高等)

The output of this year is 3 times that of 2015. 今年的产量是2015年的3倍。

⑥固定短语的甄别。

as /so long as 只要,有…之久 as far as远及…;就…而言 as soon as一…就

as good as与…几乎一样;简直 =very nearly

I will work as/so long as I live.只要活着,我就要工作。

As far as I know, he is a reliable person. 据我所知,他是一个可靠的人。

He as good as ignored me.他简直无视我的存在。

He is as good as dead. 他几乎和死了的一样。

2)比较级

①表明两个人、两个物种或同一人或物的两部分之间的比较,意为“一个比另一个更…”。

②两者相比,用【比较级+than】表明。

The plan turned out better than we had expected. 这个计划结果比我们预料的要好。

⑴比较的对象应该是同类。

The climate here is warmer than that of Shanghai.这里的气候比上海的暖和。

The radios made in our factory are better than those (made) in your factory. 我们厂生产的收音机比你们厂的好。

⑵than后若接代词,一般用主格,但在口语中也可以使用宾格;若than后是一个从句,则代词不能用宾格。

I am a better swimmer than he.我游泳比他好。

He is younger than me. 他比我年轻。(口语)

③表明“两个人/物之间比较…”,用【the+比较级+n.+of+the two +名词复数】结构。

Bob is the taller one of the two boys. 鲍勃是两个男孩中较高的一个。

Of the two sisters, Betty is the younger one, and she is also the one who loves to be quiet.这俩姐妹中,贝蒂是妹妹,而且她也是爱安静的那一个。

④表明本身程度的改变,用【比较级+and+比较级】结构,意为“越来越…”。

The weather is getting warmer and warmer.天气变得越来越暖和。

The peasants in my hometown are becoming richer and richer now. 我家乡的农民目前越来越富裕了。

⑤表明一方随另一方程度变化时,用【the +比较级,the+比较级】结构,意为“越…,就越…”。

The more we know each other, the better we understand each other.我们之间了解越多,就越相互理解。

⑥用介词by表明相差的程度。

She is taller than I by three inches.=She is three inches taller than I. 她比我高三英寸。

⑦【more than+主语+can+谓语】结构表否定意义,意为“非….所能…”。

That is more than I can tell you.那是我不能告知你的。

The beauty of the mountain is more than I can describe.这座山的秀丽非我所能描绘。

3)最高级

①表明三者或三者以上中之最,用形容词、副词的最高级。

②形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the,副词最高级前的the可省略。

⑴常用结构为【sb/sth +be+the+形容词最高级(+名词)+表范围的短语】。

This novel was once the most widely read book in high schools in the United States.这部小说曾经是美国高中阅读最广泛的书。

Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.昨天是一年中最热的一天。

⑵用比较级的形式,表达最高级的含义。

比较级+any other+单数名词【/all the other+复数名词 /anyone else /any of the other+复数名词 /the rest of+复数名词或不可数名词 /any+可数名词单数(不同范围比较)】than…

中国比任何其他亚洲国家都大。

China is larger than any other country in Asia. =China is larger than all the other countries in Asia.

=China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia. =China is larger than the rest of the countries in Asia.

Robert jumps much higher than any boy in Class Four. 罗伯特比四班任何一个男生跳得都高得多。

⑶【否定词+比较级】或【否定词+such/so +原级+as】结构表明最高级含义。

He has never spent a more worrying day.他度过了最担心的一天。

Nothing is so easy as this.没有什么比这个更容易。

3形容词比较级的修饰语

1.比较级可用much、even、still、even、a bit、no、far、a lot、a great deal、twice、any、by far、a little和rather等修饰形容词和副词的比较级

more可以构成比较级,但不能修饰比较级—修饰比较级用much

You ’re driving too fast. Can you drive a bit more slowly?你开得太快了,能稍微慢点吗?

Could you please speak a little more slowly so that I can follow you? 你能否说得稍微慢点,以便我能跟上你?

2)比较级前的冠词

①比较级前一般不加冠词。

②比较级前需加定冠词的情况有:

(1)表明两者选择,比较级后有被修饰的名词时。

Who is the younger one, Licy or Lucy?谁更年轻一些,莉莉还是露西?

(2)在of the two…结构中表明比较范围时。

Of the two jobs, he chose the harder.在这两项工作中,他选择了较难的一项。

(3)在 the+比较级, the+比较级 结构中。

The higher the ground is, the thinner the air becomes. 离地面越高,空气就越稀薄。

3)最高级前不加the的情况

最高级前一般要加定冠词the

The Himalaya Mountains are the highest in the world.喜马拉雅山脉是世界上最高的山脉。

②最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost等修饰。

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国第二大河。

4)最高级前不加定冠词的情况

(1)形容词最高级作表语,而比较范围又不明确时。

They are happiest on Saturdays. 他们在星期六最快乐。

(2)最高级前有序数词、物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格等限定词修饰时。

Hainan is China’s second largest island.海南岛是中国第二大岛。

(3)当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时,第二个形容词最高级前不加the。

He is the youngest and tallest boy in his class. 他是班里年龄最小、个子最高的男孩。

(4)形容词最高级是用来加强语气的, 作“很,十分,超级”讲时。

Seen from the mountain top, the village was most beautiful. 从山顶上望去,那个村庄很美。

(5)作宾语补足语的形容词最高级前。

I found it most difficult to go to sleep. 我发现入睡最难。

(6)在一些固定用法中,最高级前一般省略the。

Warmest congratulations on your appointment as managing director.热烈祝贺你就任董事长。

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